Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are one of the most expensive inputs in agricultural settings.Additionally, the loss of N increases costs, contributes to soil acidification, and causes off-site pollution of the air, groundwater and waterways.This study reviews current knowledge about technologies for N Estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por las enfermeras durante la pandemia COVID-19: fertilization with potential to increase N use efficiency and reduce its negative effects on the environment.Classic inorganic sources such as urea and ammonium sulfate are the major sources utilized, while controlled N release fertilizers have not been significantly adopted for cereals and oil crops.Microorganisms, with the exception of Rhizobium sp.
in soybeans, are also not widely used nowadays (e.g., plant growth-promoting bacteria and cynobacteria).The interest in implementing new N fertilization knowledge is stimulating the development of sensors to diagnose the N status and decision support systems for integrating several variables to optimize sources, rates and methods of application.Among potential FAANG Stocks, Gold, and Islamic Equity: Implications for Portfolio Management during COVID-19 new technologies we identified the incipient development of nanofertilizers, nutrient formulations to coat seeds, and recycled nutrients.
Furthermore, increasing concern about the environmental consequences of N may facilitate the implementation of innovations outside the farm such as more effective regulations to guide N fertilization and methods to manufacture N fertilizers that are more energy-efficient and less CO2 equivalent emitting.